Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) ledger

A Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) is a data structure that differs fundamentally from traditional blockchain architectures. Unlike most blockchains that link blocks in linear order, the DAG structure organizes transactions as nodes in a graph, with each node (or transaction) pointing to one or more previous nodes. This structure is 'directed' because the connections are one-way, and 'acyclic' because there are no cycles - transactions are permanently linked in a graph that moves forward.

Vite uses DAG technology to build a high-performance blockchain network designed for industrial applications. Its implementation includes some key design features aimed at enhancing scalability and reducing latency:

Account-based transaction chain
In the DAG ledger of VITE, each account has its own independent transaction chain. This structure allows transactions within each account to be processed independently, eliminating the bottleneck caused by global sequential block production. This account-based structure reduces resource contention, resulting in faster processing speed and better scalability.

Asynchronous Trading
VITE's DAG system separates the writing and confirmation of transactions. For example, when a user sends a transaction, it will be immediately written into their account chain without having to wait for the consensus of the entire network. The final confirmation will be done asynchronously later to ensure the network remains fast and responsive.

Snapshot chain for global consensus
While DAG handles transaction-level scalability, Vite uses the snapshot chain to ensure global consensus. The snapshot chain regularly captures the state of the entire network, resolves conflicts, and provides a secure and consistent ledger view. This hybrid approach combines the scalability of DAG with the security and finality of blockchain.

Advantages of VITE's DAG ledger

High throughput
The independent transaction chain allows multiple transactions to be processed in parallel, greatly improving the network throughput. This makes Vite very suitable for applications that require real-time processing, such as games, financial transactions, and the Internet of Things.

Free transaction
The DAG ledger eliminates the need for traditional transaction fees by using a quota-based system, enhancing usability and accessibility, making it particularly suitable for microtransactions.

Scalability
Unlike traditional blockchains that face congestion when transaction volume increases, Vite's DAG structure can scale seamlessly. Each account chain operates independently, allowing the network to handle more users and transactions without sacrificing performance.

Faster confirmation time
By separating the writing and confirmation of transactions, Vite effectively reduces latency. Transactions are immediately recorded on the sender's chain, while confirmation is done later through the snapshot chain.

Energy efficiency
Compared to Proof of Work (PoW)-based blockchains, Vite combines Hierarchical Delegated Proof of Stake (HDPoS) consensus mechanism, greatly reducing the energy consumption of the DAG ledger. This environmentally friendly approach aligns with the demand for sustainable blockchain solutions today.

Hierarchical Delegated Proof of Stake (HDPoS)

Hierarchical Delegated Proof of Stake (HDPoS) is an innovative consensus mechanism of Vite, aimed at overcoming the shortcomings of traditional blockchain consensus algorithms, such as slow transaction speed, high energy consumption, and lack of scalability. HDPoS is a variant of Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) with added hierarchical structure, thus enhancing performance and security, making it ideal for high-throughput applications.

In traditional DPoS systems, token holders elect a certain number of representatives (validators) to generate blocks and validate transactions. This approach reduces the high energy consumption associated with Proof of Work (PoW) and speeds up block generation. However, DPoS may lead to centralization issues, where a few validators have too much power and processing capacity is limited when transaction volume increases significantly. Vite's HDPoS improves upon DPoS by introducing a layered framework that decentralizes responsibilities and effectively enhances transaction processing capacity.

Snapshot Block Producer

One important innovation of HDPoS is the introduction of Snapshot Block Producers (SBP), who are responsible for managing the snapshot chain. The snapshot chain is the core of the network and regularly captures the ledger state of all account chains in the Vite DAG architecture. This design ensures global consistency and finality without requiring every node in the network to validate every transaction. Each account chain manages its own transactions locally, reducing computational burden. SBPs elected by VITE token holders are responsible for validating these transactions and incorporating them into the global state through snapshot blocks. This process allows the network to achieve consensus asynchronously, thereby improving scalability and throughput.

The hierarchical structure of HDPoS ensures the reasonable allocation of responsibilities. SBPs are responsible for handling global consensus, while the underlying account chains independently manage local transactions. This separation of responsibilities ensures that the network can process transactions in parallel, greatly improving its ability to handle high transaction volumes. In addition, the use of snapshot blocks eliminates the need for continuous synchronization in the network, reducing latency and improving user experience.

Potential security issues

HDPoS also solves the security risks in the DPoS system. The election process of SBP ensures network decentralization and can resist collusion. Token holders participate in governance by staking VITE tokens and voting for SBPs, thus aligning the interests of users and validators. This mechanism encourages fair participation and suppresses malicious behavior, as dishonest SBPs can be voted out by the community.

Energy efficiency

The energy efficiency of HDPoS is another important advantage. Unlike proof-of-work (PoW) mining, which relies on computationally intensive resources, HDPoS requires very little energy consumption, making it an environmentally friendly choice. The reduced energy demand, combined with high throughput, makes Vite a blockchain platform that can be sustainably scaled while still adhering to principles of decentralization and security.

Smart contracts using Solidity++

Smart contracts are automatically executed code that runs on a blockchain platform, used to automate processes and support decentralized applications (dApps). VITE provides a unique solution for smart contract development through its custom programming language Solidity++. As an improved version of the widely used Solidity language on Ethereum, Solidity++ is specially optimized for VITE platform's asynchronous architecture. This improvement ensures that developers can create powerful and efficient dApps while benefiting from the high throughput and fee-less transactions provided by the VITE ecosystem.

Solidity++ introduces several key improvements on the basis of traditional Solidity, making it more suitable for Vite's event-driven model. Traditional blockchain platforms such as Ethereum process transactions synchronously, meaning that each operation must wait for the previous one to complete, which can easily cause bottlenecks under heavy network load. Vite's asynchronous architecture allows multiple operations to be executed independently, and Solidity++ fully utilizes this feature, enabling developers to write smart contracts that run efficiently in the Vite environment.

Support message-based interaction

One notable feature of Solidity++ is its support for message-based interaction. In this mode, contracts communicate through messages instead of direct invocation. This design aligns with Vite's asynchronous transaction model, where messages are independently processed between account chains. By decoupling the interaction between contracts, Solidity++ reduces the risk of network congestion and improves the overall scalability of dApps. Developers can build complex interdependent systems without worrying about performance degradation or execution delays.

Compatible with Ethereum Solidity

Another advantage of Solidity++ is its compatibility with Ethereum's Solidity. Developers familiar with Ethereum can easily transition to Vite development with little additional learning, as Solidity++'s syntax and structure are largely similar to its predecessor. However, Solidity++ also adds some new features and optimizations specific to the Vite architecture, such as asynchronous invocation and improved resource management. This compatibility ensures that developers can easily migrate existing Ethereum projects to Vite, or develop new dApps that take advantage of Vite's unique features.

Integration of smart contracts

The combination of smart contracts and Vite's feeless transaction model further enhances the platform's usability. Unlike traditional blockchains, deploying and executing smart contracts often incurs high fees, but Vite's quota system allows users to perform these operations without transaction fees. This makes Vite particularly attractive to developers who require frequent contract interactions, such as gaming platforms, decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols, or microtransaction systems. The reduction of operating costs lowers the entry barriers for developers and users, promoting wider adoption of the platform.

ViteBridge: Cross-chain Interoperability

Interoperability, the ability for different blockchains to communicate and interact, is a crucial feature. With the emergence of more professional blockchains and decentralized applications (dApps), the ecosystem has become increasingly fragmented, with assets and data often confined to isolated environments. Vite, through its innovative cross-chain transfer protocol ViteBridge, addresses this issue, enabling seamless connections between Vite and other blockchain networks.

The core function of ViteBridge is to facilitate the transfer of digital assets and data between different blockchains, thereby promoting a more integrated blockchain environment. Unlike traditional solutions that usually rely on third-party intermediaries, ViteBridge operates as a decentralized protocol. This design ensures trustless communication, and users do not need to rely on centralized institutions to verify transactions or manage assets, which is consistent with the decentralized concept of blockchain technology while providing an effective interoperability solution.

Architecture of ViteBridge

The ViteBridge architecture utilizes smart contracts and a series of relay nodes to support cross-chain operations. When a user initiates an asset transfer transaction, the protocol locks the assets on the source chain through smart contracts. At the same time, it mints or releases a corresponding amount of tokens on the target chain. This two-step process ensures the security of the transfer and maintains consistency in token supply on both chains.

One of the main advantages of ViteBridge is its flexibility in supporting multiple blockchains, including Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, and more. This makes it an important tool for developers and users to bridge assets or functions between Vite's high-performance, zero-fee ecosystem and a broader blockchain environment. For example, ViteBridge allows users to bring liquidity from other chains into Vite's decentralized exchange ViteX, or to expand their dApps by integrating functionality from other platforms.

The protocol's emphasis on security is also a major highlight. Cross-chain communication inherently brings risks, as it requires interaction between independent systems with different rules and mechanisms. ViteBridge reduces these risks through its robust design, including the use of encryption technology to verify transactions and the use of decentralized relay nodes to reduce the risk of single point of failure. As intermediaries, the relay nodes are responsible for verifying and transmitting cross-chain transactions, ensuring the security and transparency of all operations.