Stablecoins Surpass Bitcoin in Status? The Global Financial System May Face New Challenges

Stablecoins have surpassed Bitcoin to become an undeniable force in the global financial system. The circulating supply of stablecoins has exceeded $300 billion, with trading volume surpassing $23 trillion in 2024, evolving into a financial system parallel to the US dollar. Although much of this volume originates from high-frequency trading on centralized exchanges, cross-border stablecoin transfers are emerging as a key indicator of the real economy and are expected to reach record highs in 2025.

The growth of stablecoins has exposed financial crises in several countries that heavily rely on them. In emerging markets such as Nigeria, Argentina, and Turkey, stablecoins have become essential tools for economic survival. Due to exchange rate issues and foreign exchange controls, many citizens in these countries turn to stablecoins as a means of saving, especially in regions suffering from severe inflation. The advantages include instant settlement, avoidance of traditional banking restrictions, and higher yields than domestic accounts.

Furthermore, the expansion of stablecoins has had a significant impact on the demand for short-term US Treasuries. Many stablecoin issuers back their tokens with treasury bills and repurchase agreements, making them major buyers in the money market. The IMF has pointed out that the increased issuance of stablecoins may affect yields on short-term treasuries, further intensifying the importance of stablecoins in global capital flows.

The United States is promoting regulation of the stablecoin industry through the GENIUS Act, allowing both banks and non-bank institutions to issue stablecoins and bringing them under the federal licensing system. This move consolidates the US’s dominant position in the stablecoin market, while also accelerating capital outflows from emerging market bank deposits and increasing demand for US Treasuries.

The rapid expansion of stablecoins poses challenges to the global financial system, especially in emerging markets. The IMF is concerned that the adoption of stablecoins is outpacing the ability of regulators to adapt, and these changes could increase the vulnerability of financial systems, particularly in economies lacking adequate safeguards.