Introduction

Particle Network is a Layer-1 blockchain designed to address the fragmentation of users and liquidity across various blockchain ecosystems. It introduces Universal Accounts, enabling users to interact with decentralized applications (dApps) on multiple chains using a single account and unified balance. This approach simplifies the user experience by eliminating the need for multiple wallets and complex cross-chain transactions.

The architecture of Particle Network includes components such as the Master Keystore Hub, which coordinates smart contract deployments across different networks; the Decentralized Messaging Network, providing a unified channel for secure cross-chain transactions; and the Decentralized Bundler, which collects and processes transactions from a public mempool for execution across chains. Security is maintained through a dual staking mechanism involving two pools of operators: one staking the native token, $PARTI, and another staking Bitcoin (BTC). Both groups must independently validate transactions, contributing to the network’s overall security and decentralization.

Learn how Particle Network enables decentralized decision-making through $PARTI token staking and on-chain governance

What is Particle Network (PARTI)?

Particle Network is a Layer-1 blockchain designed to address the fragmentation of users and liquidity across various blockchain ecosystems. It introduces Universal Accounts, enabling users to interact with decentralized applications (dApps) across multiple chains using a single account and a unified balance. This approach simplifies the user experience by eliminating the need for multiple wallets and complex cross-chain transactions.​

The architecture of Particle Network incorporates several components to facilitate its functionality. The Master Keystore Hub acts as a central coordinator for smart contract deployments and updates across different networks, ensuring consistency and synchronization of Universal Account instances. The Decentralized Messaging Network provides a unified channel for secure and rapid cross-chain transactions. At the same time, the Decentralized Bundler collects and processes transactions from a public mempool for execution across chains. These components work together to manage and settle cross-chain operations effectively.​

Security within the Particle Network is maintained through a dual-staking mechanism. This system involves two pools of operators: one staking the native token, $PARTI, and another staking Bitcoin (BTC). Both groups must independently validate transactions, contributing to the network’s overall security and decentralization. Additionally, Particle Network employs aggregated data availability solutions, integrating multiple data providers to enhance performance and ensure data redundancy.​

The native token, $PARTI, serves multiple functions within the ecosystem. It is used as the gas token for transactions across all supported chains, facilitates settlements within the Universal Liquidity framework, and allows holders to participate in network governance. The total supply of $PARTI is fixed at 1,000,000,000 tokens, with a distribution plan that includes allocations for community growth, private sales, team and advisors, airdrops, and reserves.

History, Team, Investors of Particle Network

Particle Network was founded in May 2022 by Pengyu Wang and Tao Pan. Both founders previously worked together at MiniJoy, a social gaming platform, where Wang served as CEO and Pan led technical development. Wang studied at Tsinghua University and brought experience in consumer application development and startup leadership. Pan, also known as Peter Pan, transitioned into blockchain infrastructure as CTO of Particle Network. Their initial focus was on Wallet Abstraction (WA), offering embeddable wallets that could be generated through social logins. This approach enabled decentralized applications to simplify onboarding for Web2 users.

The WA modular stack developed by the team became compatible with over 60 blockchains and was integrated into more than 900 decentralized applications. Through these integrations, Particle Network helped secure more than $2 billion in user assets. As the ecosystem advanced, the project expanded into Account Abstraction (AA) and introduced a full AA stack built into its infrastructure. This shift resulted in the launch of Universal Accounts, which allow users to maintain a single account and unified balance across multiple chains.

The team also developed BTC Connect, a protocol enabling Bitcoin-native users to interact with EVM-compatible networks using Bitcoin signatures. This involved collaborations with Bitcoin Layer-2 solutions and wallet providers to improve interoperability. Through these developments, Particle Network reached over 17 million total users and processed more than 10 million transactions involving Account Abstraction.

In June 2024, the project raised $25 million in a funding round to continue building its chain abstraction infrastructure. The round was led by Spartan Group and Gumi Crypto, with participation from SevenX Ventures, Morningstar Ventures, HashKey Capital, MH Ventures, UOB Venture Management, Flow Traders, and SNZ. Earlier investors included Animoca Ventures, LongHash Ventures, and Alibaba Group. These funds were directed toward supporting the development of Universal Accounts and advancing the chain abstraction thesis.

Particle Network Main Features

Universal Accounts

Universal Accounts are Particle Network’s solution for cross-chain identity and asset management. Instead of requiring separate wallet addresses for each blockchain, Universal Accounts allow users to operate a single account that functions across supported networks. This structure reduces the need for users to manage multiple private keys or bridge assets manually. Technically, these accounts are built on ERC-4337 and are coordinated by Particle Network’s infrastructure, which synchronizes the state of the account across all participating chains. Transactions initiated from a Universal Account are processed by a network of decentralized bundlers and executors, which interpret instructions and carry out operations across chains in a bundled, atomic manner.

The Universal Account model introduces abstraction at the account level, simplifying the interface for interacting with decentralized applications. Users can create accounts through social login integrations or connect existing wallets. Once the Universal Account is created, it can automatically aggregate funds from different blockchains, calculate the best route to fulfill a transaction, and settle it without requiring manual user intervention.

UniversalX

UniversalX is a trading platform built by Particle Network to enable token swaps and cross-chain operations without requiring users to bridge assets manually. It operates without taking custody of user funds, maintaining non-custodial guarantees throughout the transaction process. Users can deposit assets from multiple chains into their Universal Account, which consolidates balances into a unified view. This enables trading activities across chains using a single balance, removing the fragmentation typically associated with interacting across multiple networks. UniversalX also supports gas abstraction, which means users can pay transaction fees in any supported token instead of needing the native token of each individual chain.

The architecture behind UniversalX uses a network of liquidity providers and an on-chain routing mechanism to fulfill cross-chain trades. This routing system calculates the optimal path for executing trades and sends instructions to the bundler and executor infrastructure, which executes the actual transaction across chains. UniversalX is integrated into the Universal SDK, so developers can embed this trading functionality into their own dApps. Users interacting through dApps that implement the Universal SDK can execute trades directly, eliminating the need to navigate between different protocols or interfaces.

Universal SDK

The Universal SDK is a suite of developer tools designed to integrate Particle Network’s infrastructure into Web3 applications. Developers can use the SDK to introduce features such as account abstraction, embedded social login, gasless transactions, and cross-chain execution. The SDK simplifies the integration process by handling backend complexities and offering modular packages that can be configured to meet the application’s specific needs. Supported login methods include email, phone, Google, Apple, and other OAuth-based providers, which reduces friction for onboarding users unfamiliar with wallet management.

The SDK also allows developers to specify how gas fees are handled within their application. For instance, developers can sponsor user gas fees or enable users to pay with arbitrary tokens. Cross-chain operations, such as sending assets or calling contracts across networks, can be implemented without requiring users to switch networks or sign multiple transactions.

$PARTI Airdrop

The $PARTI token airdrop was a distribution initiative targeting early community contributors and participants of affiliated campaigns. Nine percent of the total token supply was allocated to this airdrop, with eligibility determined based on on-chain activity, event participation, and engagement within supported partner communities. Users who held $PARTI Diamonds, participated in campaigns such as People’s Launchpad, or were involved with specific NFT collections, including ALLY and CAPYBARA, were included in the airdrop criteria. The distribution was executed through UniversalX and tied to Universal Accounts, allowing recipients to claim tokens regardless of which chain they primarily used.

The claim process required users to access the UniversalX platform and authenticate using their Universal Account. The platform’s infrastructure abstracted the multi-chain complexity involved in verifying airdrop eligibility and delivering tokens. Participants were able to receive their airdrop allocations directly to their Universal Account, where tokens could then be used for gas, staking, or trading.

Particle Network’s Technical Architecture

Particle Network’s technical architecture is built using the Cosmos SDK and operates under the CometBFT consensus mechanism. This framework supports its chain abstraction infrastructure, enabling core features such as Universal Accounts, Universal Liquidity, and Universal Gas. These modules are coordinated through a modular and interoperable architecture that emphasizes scalability, security, and cross-chain operability.

The Cosmos SDK is an open-source framework for building custom blockchains that can interact with each other through the Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC) protocol. It provides a standardized structure for developing application-specific blockchains, known as appchains, with customizable modules for governance, staking, slashing, and more. By utilizing the Cosmos SDK, Particle Network leverages a mature development environment and compatibility with other Cosmos-based chains, which enables its cross-chain account abstraction and liquidity features. The SDK’s modularity also allows Particle Network to tailor components like its native gas logic and keystore hub without compromising on performance.

Particle Network uses CometBFT, which is the evolved implementation of Tendermint BFT. CometBFT combines Byzantine Fault Tolerance with fast finality, enabling the network to tolerate up to one-third of malicious or offline validator nodes while maintaining liveness and consistency. Each block is finalized once a supermajority of validators sign off on it, eliminating the need for probabilistic finality used in traditional Proof-of-Work systems.

The architecture further extends this foundation through Particle’s specialized components. The Master Keystore Hub ensures consistent account generation and key management across all integrated blockchains. The Decentralized Messaging Network (DMN) comprises relayers that listen to events on external chains and route messages to the Particle Chain for synchronization. The Decentralized Bundler collects transaction batches from a shared mempool and processes them in coordination with bundler nodes to reduce gas overhead and optimize throughput.

To enhance security, Particle Network implements a dual staking system. One validator set stakes the native $PARTI token, while a parallel validator set leverages Bitcoin staking via the Babylon protocol, adding Bitcoin-based economic finality to the network’s consensus. Both validator sets must independently validate transactions, creating an additional layer of redundancy and fault tolerance that complements the core CometBFT guarantees.

What is the PARTI Token?

PARTI Token Utility

The $PARTI token is the native asset of Particle Network and is used to support network operations, incentivize participants, and coordinate cross-chain infrastructure. It functions as the gas token for transactions on the Particle Chain, where fees, regardless of the user’s input token, are ultimately settled in $PARTI. The token also serves as a staking asset within the network’s dual consensus mechanism, allowing participants to contribute to validation and earn rewards. Governance participation is open to $PARTI holders, who can vote on protocol decisions.

PARTI Supply and Allocation

The total supply of $PARTI tokens is capped at 1,000,000,000 and is allocated across several categories designed to support network operations, community growth, liquidity, and long-term sustainability. The distribution is as follows:

• Community Growth (40%) – This is the largest allocation, designated for community-oriented initiatives. Distribution occurs in five phases, with 22.5% released at the Token Generation Event (TGE). This allocation supports incentive programs, user acquisition, and long-term engagement. Tokens in this category are used to align with ecosystem participants and drive adoption of Particle Network infrastructure.
• Private Sales (24.39%) – Allocated to early investors, this segment is subject to a 6-month cliff followed by a 36-month linear vesting schedule. The release structure is designed to ensure long-term alignment with strategic backers while preventing short-term market pressure. These funds support early development and ecosystem expansion.
• Team & Advisors (12.11%) – Allocated to contributors and advisors involved in building and guiding the project, this portion is locked with a 12-month cliff and vests linearly over 48 months. This structure encourages ongoing contribution and ensures that team incentives are aligned with long-term protocol outcomes.
• Binance HODLer Airdrops (6%) – Reserved for users holding BNB, this category is intended to reward user loyalty and promote onboarding. The distribution is split into two equal parts, with 50% released at TGE and 50% after six months.
• Liquidity (5%) – This portion is fully unlocked at TGE and supports token liquidity across supported exchanges and protocols. It ensures adequate market depth and trading availability at launch.
• IDO (5%) – Allocated for public token sales, the IDO supply is 100% unlocked at TGE. This distribution supports decentralized access to the token and helps distribute $PARTI to a broader set of users.
• Reserve (5%) – Held for future strategic purposes, this allocation is unlocked 4 months after TGE. It can be used to support unforeseen needs, protocol upgrades, or ecosystem support efforts.
• KOL Round (1.5%) – Distributed to marketing partners and campaign participants, this allocation is released in three stages: 20% at TGE, 40% after 6 months, and 40% after 15 months. It is intended to support outreach and network visibility during launch phases.
• Binance Wallet Airdrop (1%) – Fully unlocked at TGE, this category targets onboarding through Binance Wallet users, promoting usage of Particle’s infrastructure through direct distribution to active wallets.

PARTI Vesting Schedule

Each allocation category follows a structured vesting timeline. Team and advisor tokens are locked with a 12-month cliff, followed by a 48-month linear vesting period. Private sale tokens are subject to a 6-month cliff, with linear vesting over a 36-month period. KOL round participants receive 20% at TGE, 40% after 6 months, and the remaining 40% after 15 months. Liquidity, IDO, and Binance Wallet airdrop tokens are fully unlocked at TGE. Binance HODLer airdrops are released in two stages: 50% at TGE and 50% after 6 months. Reserve tokens are unlocked 4 months after TGE. This distribution model is intended to align long-term incentives across stakeholders while minimizing short-term token supply shocks.

Particle’s Economic Design

Particle Network’s economic design is structured around the use of the $PARTI token across infrastructure, incentives, and governance. The token functions as the native gas asset on the Particle Chain, meaning all transaction fees are ultimately settled in $PARTI, regardless of the token initially used by the user. It is also used for staking within the network’s Proof-of-Stake system and as a required component for validators participating in the consensus process. Governance participation is open to $PARTI holders who stake their tokens, allowing them to vote on proposals that affect protocol development and operational decisions.

The fixed supply of 1,000,000,000 $PARTI tokens is distributed across multiple segments with specific vesting schedules. These allocations include community growth, private sales, team compensation, liquidity, airdrops, and reserves. Each allocation group follows distinct time-based release mechanisms designed to control the emission rate and maintain stability in circulating supply. Tokens for the team and private investors are locked initially and released over several years to maintain alignment with long-term development.

The network incorporates a dual staking system combining two types of assets: $PARTI and Bitcoin. Validators are split into two pools, with one staking $PARTI and the other using BTC through Babylon’s staking mechanism. Both validator sets must independently approve operations for finality, creating a system in which consensus depends on participants with different risk profiles and asset bases. Bitcoin staking is self-custodial and does not require asset bridging, reducing counterparty risk while introducing external economic security.

Comparative Analysis: Particle Network and Its Peers

Particle Network vs. NEAR Protocol

NEAR Protocol is a high-performance Layer 1 blockchain that utilizes a unique sharding mechanism called Nightshade to achieve scalability. Unlike Particle Network’s approach to chain abstraction, NEAR focuses on providing a scalable and developer-friendly platform with features like account abstraction and human-readable account names. NEAR’s architecture is designed to support a wide range of decentralized applications (dApps) by offering low transaction fees and fast finality. While both Particle Network and NEAR aim to enhance user experience, Particle Network emphasizes cross-chain interoperability, whereas NEAR concentrates on scalability within its own ecosystem.​

NEAR’s FastAuth system allows users to register with email addresses and combine biometrics to replace complex private key management, greatly enhancing the smoothness of the user experience. Additionally, NEAR supports multi-chain signature verification through its MPC network, enabling users to sign transactions on other blockchains from one account, avoiding the complexity of multi-chain account management. In contrast, Particle Network’s Universal Accounts function as ERC-4337 smart accounts attached to a pre-existing EOA, aggregating token balances across multiple chains into a single address by automatically routing and executing atomic cross-chain transactions.

Particle Network vs. Avocado by Instadapp

Avocado is a smart wallet solution developed by Instadapp that enables users to interact with multiple DeFi protocols across different blockchains from a single interface. It achieves this by abstracting the complexities of cross-chain interactions, allowing users to manage assets and execute transactions without needing to switch networks manually. Avocado’s approach aligns with Particle Network’s goal of simplifying user experiences across blockchains. However, while Particle Network builds a new Layer 1 infrastructure to achieve this, Avocado operates as a Layer 2 solution that leverages existing networks to provide its services.​

Avocado’s Paymaster gas tank feature enables users to pay all gas fees in USDC, eliminating the need to manage multiple native gas tokens for each network. This feature simplifies the user experience by allowing gas payments in a stablecoin, which is particularly beneficial for users who are more familiar with fiat currencies. In contrast, Particle Network’s Universal Gas feature permits users to pay transaction fees with any supported token, providing flexibility and convenience in managing gas fees across different blockchains.​

From a security standpoint, Avocado ensures that when users initiate transactions on a chain from their Avocado wallet, they benefit from the same level of security as they would if they transacted directly on the chain. This design choice maintains transaction security while enhancing the user experience. Particle Network, on the other hand, employs a dual staking mechanism involving two validator pools: one staking the native $PARTI token and the other staking Bitcoin through the Babylon protocol. Both pools must independently validate transactions. This approach enhances the security and decentralization of the network.​

Particle Network vs. XION

XION is a modular Layer 1 blockchain designed to offer a seamless user experience by integrating Web2 and Web3 functionalities. It focuses on providing developers with tools to build applications that can interact with multiple blockchains without requiring users to manage complex wallet setups or understand blockchain intricacies. XION’s emphasis on user-friendly interfaces and developer tools mirrors Particle Network’s objectives. However, Particle Network’s comprehensive approach, including its own Layer 1 blockchain and features like Universal Accounts, sets it apart by offering a more integrated solution for chain abstraction.​

XION’s Meta Accounts are a smart contract account solution analogous to Particle Network’s Universal Accounts. However, Meta Accounts initiate cross-chain transactions from XION’s Layer 1, whereas Universal Accounts initiate cross-chain transactions from the source blockchain, then relay them to and further coordinate them by Particle Network’s Layer 1. This distinction affects the user experience and the underlying architecture of the two platforms.

Particle Network Governance

Particle Network’s governance structure is based on token-weighted participation, where holders of the native $PARTI token can contribute to protocol decisions by staking their tokens and voting on submitted proposals. This model allows participants to influence changes related to protocol upgrades, infrastructure adjustments, and feature development. To engage in governance, users must stake a designated amount of $PARTI, which also contributes to the network’s Proof-of-Stake consensus. Proposals can originate from community members or stakeholders, and once submitted, they undergo a process that includes qualification criteria before being presented for a vote. Voting power is proportional to the amount of $PARTI staked, aligning decision-making authority with long-term commitment to the network.

Conclusion

Particle Network introduces a unified infrastructure for interacting across multiple blockchains, combining technical components like Universal Accounts, decentralized execution layers, and dual staking with a clearly defined token economy. Its native token, $PARTI, serves as the foundation for transaction fees, liquidity settlement, staking, and on-chain governance, with distribution and vesting schedules designed to align long-term participation. Governance is open to all $PARTI holders through a staking-based model, allowing the community to vote on protocol changes and contribute to its strategic direction. Through its modular architecture and token-driven coordination, Particle Network provides a framework for abstracting user experience across chains while maintaining decentralized control.