ZK-Rollups and Consensus
This module introduces how ZK-Rollups aggregate transactions, the role of the Plonk proof system in verification, and how off-chain calculations by Layer-2 servers reduce Gas fees.
ZK-Rollups: Transaction Aggregation and Verification
ZK-Rollups used in ZKBase is a Layer-2 scaling solution that reduces the burden on Ethereum Layer-1 by bundling multiple off-chain transactions into a batch for verification. These transactions are processed off-chain to reduce the data load on the mainnet. To ensure transaction verification without exposing specific details, ZK-Rollups use zero-knowledge proofs (ZKP).
Once the off-chain transactions are packaged and verified, the generated proof will be submitted to the Ethereum Layer-1. The mainnet is responsible for verifying the proof to ensure that these transactions are processed correctly without having to execute each transaction one by one. This architecture significantly reduces the amount of data stored on the chain while significantly improving transaction throughput, making ZK-Rollups efficient in handling a large number of transactions while maintaining the security of the Ethereum consensus mechanism.
Plonk Zero-Knowledge Proof System
Plonk (short for 'Permutations over Lagrange-bases for Oecumenical Noninteractive arguments of Knowledge') is a system that can generate succinct cryptographic proofs to verify the correctness of transaction batches. The system is designed specifically to handle the complexity of multiple transactions without significantly increasing computational requirements. In practical applications, Plonk is used to generate proofs and confirm the validity of state transitions in ZK-Rollups.
These state transitions may involve token transfers, account balance updates, or the execution of other smart contracts. Once the proof is generated, it is sent to the Ethereum Layer-1 for verification. The efficiency of Plonk lies in its ability to significantly reduce the computational cost of generating proofs, which is an important factor in maintaining security when scaling blockchain applications.
In addition, the system further supports scalability by allowing validators to verify proofs without re-executing the entire set of transactions. This design reduces time consumption and lowers computational costs, providing a solid foundation for the efficient expansion of the blockchain.
Off-chain computing and Layer-2 servers
Off-chain computing is an important component of the ZKBase Layer-2 server, which processes the majority of transactions outside the Ethereum base layer. The Layer-2 server is responsible for packaging transactions, executing them off-chain, and only submitting cryptographic proofs of these transactions to the Ethereum mainnet. By handling most of the computational load off-chain, the system significantly reduces the gas cost required for on-chain operations.
The architecture of ZKBase includes several key components, such as the off-chain memory pool for storing unprocessed transactions, and the state manager for maintaining account balances and states in the Layer-2 environment. These components work together to ensure that Layer-2 servers can efficiently process transactions while avoiding flooding the Ethereum Layer-1 with a large amount of data. After processing the transactions, the server generates a validity proof and then submits it to the Ethereum mainnet. Due to the minimal data included in the proof, the on-chain gas fees are significantly reduced, providing users with a more cost-effective transaction experience.
The system ensures security and accuracy while transferring computational tasks to Layer-2 servers, thanks to the cryptographic guarantees provided by zero-knowledge proofs.
Highlights
- ZK-Rollups packs and verifies multiple transactions off-chain, and submits cryptographic proofs to Ethereum.
- Plonk proof system generates succinct cryptographic proofs to verify transactions without re-execution.
- ZKBase's off-chain Layer-2 server processes transactions, significantly reducing on-chain Gas fees.
- State manager and memory pool manage account state and transaction queue off-chain.
- Proof of Validity ensures that off-chain state transitions are applied correctly to Ethereum, maintaining security and reducing computational burden.
Pelajaran 1:ZKBase Overview
Pelajaran 2:Development Team
Pelajaran 3:Technical Architecture
Pelajaran 4:ZK-Rollups and Consensus
Pelajaran 5:ZKBase Ecosystem Products
Pelajaran 6:ZKB Token and Tokenomics
Pelajaran 7:Governance and Security
Pelajaran 8:Cross-chain interoperability
Pelajaran 9:Roadmap and Future Development
Pelajaran 10:Projects in the ZKBase ecosystem
ZK-Rollups and Consensus
This module introduces how ZK-Rollups aggregate transactions, the role of the Plonk proof system in verification, and how off-chain calculations by Layer-2 servers reduce Gas fees.
ZK-Rollups: Transaction Aggregation and Verification
ZK-Rollups used in ZKBase is a Layer-2 scaling solution that reduces the burden on Ethereum Layer-1 by bundling multiple off-chain transactions into a batch for verification. These transactions are processed off-chain to reduce the data load on the mainnet. To ensure transaction verification without exposing specific details, ZK-Rollups use zero-knowledge proofs (ZKP).
Once the off-chain transactions are packaged and verified, the generated proof will be submitted to the Ethereum Layer-1. The mainnet is responsible for verifying the proof to ensure that these transactions are processed correctly without having to execute each transaction one by one. This architecture significantly reduces the amount of data stored on the chain while significantly improving transaction throughput, making ZK-Rollups efficient in handling a large number of transactions while maintaining the security of the Ethereum consensus mechanism.
Plonk Zero-Knowledge Proof System
Plonk (short for 'Permutations over Lagrange-bases for Oecumenical Noninteractive arguments of Knowledge') is a system that can generate succinct cryptographic proofs to verify the correctness of transaction batches. The system is designed specifically to handle the complexity of multiple transactions without significantly increasing computational requirements. In practical applications, Plonk is used to generate proofs and confirm the validity of state transitions in ZK-Rollups.
These state transitions may involve token transfers, account balance updates, or the execution of other smart contracts. Once the proof is generated, it is sent to the Ethereum Layer-1 for verification. The efficiency of Plonk lies in its ability to significantly reduce the computational cost of generating proofs, which is an important factor in maintaining security when scaling blockchain applications.
In addition, the system further supports scalability by allowing validators to verify proofs without re-executing the entire set of transactions. This design reduces time consumption and lowers computational costs, providing a solid foundation for the efficient expansion of the blockchain.
Off-chain computing and Layer-2 servers
Off-chain computing is an important component of the ZKBase Layer-2 server, which processes the majority of transactions outside the Ethereum base layer. The Layer-2 server is responsible for packaging transactions, executing them off-chain, and only submitting cryptographic proofs of these transactions to the Ethereum mainnet. By handling most of the computational load off-chain, the system significantly reduces the gas cost required for on-chain operations.
The architecture of ZKBase includes several key components, such as the off-chain memory pool for storing unprocessed transactions, and the state manager for maintaining account balances and states in the Layer-2 environment. These components work together to ensure that Layer-2 servers can efficiently process transactions while avoiding flooding the Ethereum Layer-1 with a large amount of data. After processing the transactions, the server generates a validity proof and then submits it to the Ethereum mainnet. Due to the minimal data included in the proof, the on-chain gas fees are significantly reduced, providing users with a more cost-effective transaction experience.
The system ensures security and accuracy while transferring computational tasks to Layer-2 servers, thanks to the cryptographic guarantees provided by zero-knowledge proofs.
Highlights
- ZK-Rollups packs and verifies multiple transactions off-chain, and submits cryptographic proofs to Ethereum.
- Plonk proof system generates succinct cryptographic proofs to verify transactions without re-execution.
- ZKBase's off-chain Layer-2 server processes transactions, significantly reducing on-chain Gas fees.
- State manager and memory pool manage account state and transaction queue off-chain.
- Proof of Validity ensures that off-chain state transitions are applied correctly to Ethereum, maintaining security and reducing computational burden.