Node

In a blockchain network, a node refers to a computing device that runs blockchain software and participates in network operations. These devices collectively maintain the security and decentralized nature of the entire network by storing complete or partial copies of the blockchain and following consensus rules to validate and propagate transactions. Nodes are core components of blockchain infrastructure, ensuring the network can operate in a trustless manner without being controlled by any single entity.

The concept of nodes originated from distributed computing, but gained new definition and importance after the emergence of blockchain technology. The early Bitcoin network had only a few participating nodes, whereas today's major blockchain networks have thousands of nodes distributed globally. This distributed deployment structure ensures that even if some nodes go offline or are attacked, the entire network can continue to operate securely, demonstrating the resilience and censorship resistance of blockchain systems.

From a technical perspective, blockchain nodes typically perform several key functions: validating the legitimacy of transactions and blocks, broadcasting verified transactions to other nodes, participating in consensus mechanisms to determine which transactions are added to the blockchain, and storing and maintaining blockchain data. Based on their functions and permissions, nodes can be classified into various types: full nodes store complete blockchain data and fully verify all rules; light nodes store only partial data, primarily for transaction verification; mining nodes (in proof-of-work networks) or validator nodes (in proof-of-stake networks) directly participate in block generation processes.

Despite constituting the pillars of blockchain networks, operating nodes faces numerous challenges. First, as blockchain data continues to grow, storage requirements increase, creating barriers to participation for average users. Second, certain blockchain designs may lead to node centralization, such as the formation of large mining pools in the Bitcoin network. Additionally, technical factors like network latency, bandwidth limitations, and hardware failures can affect node performance. More critically, security vulnerabilities in node software could be exploited by malicious actors, posing threats to the entire network.

The widespread distribution and active participation of nodes form the foundation for the healthy operation of blockchain networks. By encouraging more independent nodes to join, blockchain projects can enhance network decentralization and security. With technological advancement, node operation may become more efficient and user-friendly in the future, lowering participation barriers and further expanding blockchain network participation and resistance.