Scalability and Security in Parallel: A Comprehensive Analysis of Ethereum Fusaka Upgrade and 12 EIPs

Author: @ChromiteMerge

Ethereum is scheduled to undergo a hard fork upgrade called “Fusaka” on December 3, 2025. This upgrade includes 12 Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs), which are like precise components working together to enhance Ethereum’s scalability, security, and operational efficiency. Below, I will categorize these 12 EIPs and explain in simple terms what problems they address and why they are crucial for Ethereum’s future.

Scalability! Making Ethereum Faster and More Capacity

This is the core theme of the Fusaka upgrade. To support the global digital economy, Ethereum must solve transaction congestion and high fees. The following EIPs aim to achieve this, especially focusing on reducing costs and increasing efficiency for Layer 2 scaling solutions.

EIP-7594: PeerDAS - Data Availability Sampling

Problem: Since the Dencun upgrade introduced “Blob” data for cheap Layer 2 data storage, a key issue has arisen: how to ensure the massive data is truly available? Currently, each validator downloads and verifies all blob data in a block. When a block carries up to 9 blobs, this is manageable. But if future blocks carry more (e.g., 128 blobs), downloading and verifying all blobs becomes costly, raising the barrier for validators and threatening decentralization.

Solution: PeerDAS (Peer Data Availability Sampling) turns the traditional “check all” approach into “sampling.” Simply put:

2. The network slices the full blob data into pieces.

3. Validators don’t need to download all blobs—they randomly download and check a few data slices.

4. Validators then cross-verify and exchange results to collectively confirm the data’s integrity and availability.

It’s like a big puzzle game: everyone has only a few pieces, but by checking key connections, they can confirm the whole puzzle is intact. PeerDAS isn’t entirely new; its core idea has been successfully implemented in third-party projects like Celestia. Implementing PeerDAS fills a critical “tech debt” in Ethereum’s long-term scaling blueprint.

Significance: PeerDAS greatly reduces storage requirements for validators, clearing obstacles to large-scale data expansion. In the future, each block could hold hundreds of blobs, supporting the Teragas vision of up to 10 million TPS, while allowing ordinary users to run validators and maintain network decentralization.

EIP-7892: BPO Hard Fork - Lightweight Parameter Upgrade

Problem: Market demand for Layer 2 data capacity changes rapidly. Waiting for a major upgrade like Fusaka every time the blob limit needs adjustment is too slow and can’t keep pace with ecosystem growth.

Solution: This EIP defines a “Blob Parameter Only Hardfork” (BPO). It’s a lightweight upgrade that only modifies a few parameters related to blobs (e.g., target blobs per block), without complex code changes. Node operators can simply accept new parameters at a specified time—like updating a config file—without full client upgrades.

Significance: BPO enables Ethereum to quickly and safely adjust network capacity. For example, after Fusaka, the community plans two consecutive BPO upgrades to double blob capacity gradually. This allows elastic, demand-driven expansion of blob space, smoothing out costs and throughput increases with manageable risks.

EIP-7918: Stable Blob Fee Market

Problem: The previous blob fee adjustment mechanism was too volatile. When demand was low, fees dropped near zero, failing to stimulate new demand and creating a “lowest price” anomaly. When demand surged, fees spiked, causing high costs. This “fee rollercoaster” made fee planning difficult for Layer 2 projects.

Solution: EIP-7918 proposes capping blob fees within a reasonable range, linking them to Layer 2 execution fees (like state root updates or ZK proof verifications). These execution fees are relatively stable and less affected by transaction volume. By anchoring blob fees to these stable costs, the volatility is reduced.

Significance: This prevents fee “race to the bottom” or “skyrocketing,” making Layer 2 operating costs more predictable. Stable fees help projects set more reliable transaction costs, avoiding sudden price swings.

EIP-7935: Increasing Mainnet Transaction Capacity

Problem: The maximum transaction throughput per block is limited by the “block gas limit” (~30 million), which hasn’t been adjusted for years. Raising this limit can increase throughput but must not compromise validator hardware requirements or decentralization.

Solution: This proposal suggests raising the default gas limit to a new recommended level (possibly 45 million or higher). It’s not mandatory but guides validators to accept higher limits gradually.

Significance: More transactions per block mean higher TPS, easing congestion and reducing gas fees. However, it also demands better hardware from validators, so the community will proceed cautiously.

Security and Stability! Building a Robust Network

While expanding capacity, ensuring network security and stability is paramount. The Ethereum Foundation launched the “Trillion Dollar Security” plan in May 2025 to build a network capable of securely handling assets worth trillions. Several EIPs in Fusaka support this goal, like installing stronger “brakes” and “guardrails.”

EIP-7934: Set Block Size Limit

Problem: Ethereum’s “block gas limit” only considers computational load, not physical size. Attackers can craft “data bombs”—large, low-cost transactions that inflate block size without much computation—causing slow propagation and potential DoS attacks.

Solution: Enforce a hard cap of 10MB per block size. Blocks exceeding this are rejected.

Significance: Like setting maximum vehicle sizes on roads, this prevents oversized blocks from slowing down the network, ensuring faster propagation and better resilience.

EIP-7825: Per-Transaction Gas Limit

Problem: While total block gas is limited, individual transactions have no cap. A single transaction could consume almost all block resources, delaying others and risking unfairness.

Solution: Set a maximum of 16.77 million gas per transaction. Complex transactions exceeding this must be split.

Significance: Ensures fairness and predictability, preventing any single transaction from monopolizing block space.

EIP-7823 & EIP-7883: Secure ModExp Precompile

Problem: ModExp (modular exponentiation) is used in cryptography but has vulnerabilities: input length can be unbounded, and low gas costs enable abuse.

Solutions:

• EIP-7823: Limit input length to 8192 bits.

• EIP-7883: Increase gas costs for large inputs, making abuse costly.

Significance: These measures remove attack vectors, ensuring ModExp remains secure and efficient.

Developer Tools! Enhancing Application Building

Fusaka also introduces new tools for developers, making building on Ethereum more powerful and efficient.

EIP-7951: Support for Mainstream Hardware Signatures

Problem: Devices like iPhones, bank security keys, and hardware modules use secp256r1 (P-256), but Ethereum defaults to secp256k1. This mismatch limits direct hardware-based signing.

Solution: Add a precompile contract to support and verify secp256r1 signatures natively.

Significance: Opens the door for billions of devices to securely sign Ethereum transactions directly, lowering barriers and boosting Web3 adoption.

EIP-7939: Efficient CLZ Instruction

Problem: Calculating leading zeros in 256-bit numbers is common in cryptography and zero-knowledge proofs but lacks a dedicated opcode in EVM, leading to costly Solidity code.

Solution: Add a “CLZ” (Count Leading Zeros) opcode to EVM.

Significance: Provides a fast, low-cost tool for math-heavy applications, reducing gas costs and enabling more efficient ZK rollups.

Invisible Network Optimizations for a Healthier Ecosystem

Two EIPs focus on long-term network health, often unnoticed by users but vital for stability.

EIP-7642: Reduce Syncing Burden for New Nodes

Problem: As history grows, new nodes face huge data downloads, raising entry barriers. Also, some redundant fields remain in post-Merge receipts.

Solution: Implement “data expiry” and streamline receipt formats, allowing new nodes to skip old, unnecessary data.

Significance: Cuts down sync data by about 530GB, making node operation easier and promoting decentralization.

EIP-7917: Deterministic Block Proposal Order & Pre-Confirmation

Problem: Current Layer 2 rollups rely on a central sequencer, risking censorship and MEV extraction. Moving to a more decentralized “Based Rollup” model involves using Ethereum’s proposer for ordering, but introduces delays.

Solution: Modify consensus to precompute and publish the proposer schedule, turning randomness into a transparent, predictable timetable.

Significance: Enables Layer 2 gateways to pre-know proposers, facilitating secure pre-confirmations and near-instant transaction finality, advancing true decentralization.

Why Is Fusaka the Right Upgrade Now?

Fusaka isn’t just a technical upgrade; it’s a strategic move amid the era of on-chain real-world assets (RWA) and stablecoins. Ethereum now hosts over 56% of global stablecoin supply, becoming the backbone of the digital dollar economy. Fusaka aims to prepare Ethereum for Wall Street-scale assets and trading volumes.

• Custom Chains for Institutional Layer 2s: Proposals like EIP-7594, EIP-7892, and EIP-7918 reduce data costs and provide flexible scaling, supporting specialized Layer 2s with massive data needs.

• Moving Toward “Trillion Dollar Security”: EIPs like EIP-7934, EIP-7825, EIP-7823, and EIP-7883 strengthen security foundations, safeguarding trillions in assets.

In summary, Fusaka’s main theme is clear: scalability and security. Under favorable policies and market conditions, this upgrade is timely. It will help Ethereum seize policy opportunities, solidify its dominance in stablecoins and asset onboarding, and evolve from a speculative asset to a mainstream financial infrastructure.

Conclusion: Deep and Steady Transformation

As a key upgrade at the end of 2025, Fusaka quietly injects strong internal momentum into Ethereum. Its 12 improvements target core issues of scalability, security, and efficiency. It broadens Ethereum’s “value highway,” boosting capacity and reliability, preparing for massive future users, assets, and applications.

For ordinary users, these changes may seem subtle, but their impact will be profound. A stronger, faster, safer Ethereum can realize ambitious visions—be it a global instant settlement network or “On-Chain Wall Street.” Fusaka is a solid step toward that future.

This analysis is based on publicly available information and does not constitute investment advice. Cryptocurrency investments carry significant risks; please do your own research and exercise caution.
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