360 Encyclopedia
Table of Contents
Catalog
Yellow River
Introduction to the Yellow River
Explanation of Names
source
boundary
Upstream
Midstream
downstream
Major tributaries and lakes
Mainstream Canyon
Dry flow profit hub
Bridge
Soil erosion
disruption
River Channel Changes
The Cradle of Chinese Civilization
Yangtze River
Overview of the Chinese Zodiac
The Origin of the Yangtze River
Natural and cultural influences
Yangtze River Mid-Lower Plain
Yangtze River Delta
Yangtze River hydropower resources
Characteristics of the River
The best of rivers
Changhe Ranking
River topographical features
This entry is a polysemy, with 12 meanings elaborated.
The (River) is a naturally formed waterway. It is a form of water body. The terms creek, river, stream, water, and river that we use can all be regarded as waterways formed by receiving runoff. Different word choices are made depending on the context of use.
The water in rivers is usually freshwater, which may originate from glaciers or higher terrain, flowing towards lower terrain such as seas, oceans, lakes, underground fissures, or another waterway. Alternatively, it may dry up completely if the inflow is less than the evaporation or if it does not encounter other bodies of water along the way.
Ancient China specifically refers to the Yellow River.
Chinese name
river
Foreign Name
river;The river;river;river(river)
general term
Naturally formed waterways
Main features
Runoff Volume Length Watershed Area
longest river
Nile River
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Yellow River
From the main entry: Yellow River.
Introduction to the Yellow River
The Yellow River, also known as the River in ancient China, originates from the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China. It flows through nine provinces and regions: Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, and Shandong, finally emptying into the Bohai Sea at Kenli County, Dongying City, Shandong Province. The main river channel is 5,464 kilometers long, making it the second longest river in China, after the Yangtze River. The Yellow River is also the fifth longest river in the world.
From the upper reaches of the mouth of the Toketo River in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Province, the river is 3472 kilometers; from estuary to the middle reaches of Taohuayu, Henan Province, 1206 kilometers; The lower reaches of Taohuayu are 786 kilometers below the river. ( the demarcation scheme of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Huanghe River has many methods, and the dividing plan of the Huanghe Water Conservancy Commission is adopted ) the river basin is 1,900 kilometers, the north and south are 1,100 kilometers, and the river basin is 752443 square kilometers.
The annual average flow of the river is 1774.5 cubic meters per second, the average annual natural flow of the whole river is 580 cubic meters, the average annual depth of the river basin is 77 mm, the per capita water volume of the basin is 593 cubic meters, and the average water volume of cultivated land is 324 cubic meters.
The middle reaches of the river flow into the plateau, and the tributaries carry a large amount of sediment, making the river the river with the largest amount of sand in the world. The maximum annual sand content is 39.1 milligrams ( )1933 years, and the maximum sand content is 920 kg/cubic meter (1977 ) per year. The average amount of sand in Sanyang Station for many years is 16 millimeters, and the average sand content is 35 kg/cubic meter.
River
Length: 5464 kilometers
Source elevation: 4800 meters
Average flow: 1774.5 cubic meters/second
Basin area: 752443 square kilometers
Source: Qinghai Province
Inject: Bohai
Countries traversed: People's Republic of China
Explanatory Name
The character "river" before Qin Wei was basically the qi of the Huang River, and the river "chuan" or "water"( but there are exceptions, such as "Mountains and Seas" said: "Kunqi Mountain, 纵丿万, Gao 万,1,000 li, go to Wu万li, there are Qinghe, Baihe, Chihe, and Heihe Lingqi Ruins." ) the pre-Qin dynasty's literature could not find a word of the river, and the entire text of Emperor Wu's "Shi Zheng" by Emperor Wu and Nian Min did not mention the teachings of the river. Li Exuan, the first of the Emperors, was first known in the text of "Changshan County, Yuanshi Ji" in Bangu's "Geographical Records of the Domain". The "黄" character of the Huanghe River uses 来 to describe the river water's 浑浊, 这在古书中也早有记载: 战国时期's "Zuo Ling Xianggong Eighth Year" 郑国的子驷quote "Yi Zhou 诗" 说 "The Qing of the River, the People Die He!"; "Yiya Junshui" has the saying "The river comes out of the kunyu, the color is white, the canal is 1,700 rivers, and the color is yellow." "
The Xingxuhai at the source of the Yellow River is composed of numerous water bodies and lakes such as Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake. Under the sunlight, the countless lakes and marshes of Xingxuhai shine brilliantly, resembling a peacock spreading its feathers, making it extremely beautiful and spectacular. Therefore, the local Tibetan residents refer to this section of the Yellow River as "Machu"(rma chu), meaning "Peacock River." Gansu Province's "Machu" County is named after this section of the river.
Source
The Yellow River originates from the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai, and historically, people's understanding of the source of the Yellow River has gone through a process.
The "Shangshu·Yugong" once recorded "The river guides pile stones, reaching the Dragon Gate". The "piling stones" refers to the Animaqing Mountain near the Xunhua Salar Autonomous County in Qinghai Province today, which is still some distance from the source of the Yellow River. The "Shanhaijing" and "Erya" have records of the river flowing out of Kunlun. After Zhang Qian of the Western Han dynasty was sent to the western regions, there was a theory that the Yellow River originated from Yutian, flowing east to the Salt Marsh, then going underground and emerging in the south as the river source, which is mentioned in the "Records of the Grand Historian·Biography of Dayuan". These accounts are not precise, but they persisted into the Sui and Tang dynasties.
river
After the Sui and Tang dynasties, people gradually established a correct understanding of the source of the Yellow River. In the fifth year of the Great Yarmouth of Emperor Yang of Sui, (, after defeating the Tuyuhun, he established the He Yuan Commandery, which is in parts of the present-day Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, indicating that people already knew the Yellow River originated here. In the ninth year of the Zhenguan era of Emperor Taizong of Tang, ), to quell the Tuyuhun rebellion, generals Li Jing, Hou Junji, and Li Daozong led troops to the vicinity of the Xingxiu Sea. The New Book of Tang records that they "reached the Xingxiu River, arrived at the Baijishan, gazed at the Jishi Mountain, and viewed the river source." Since the Tang and Song dynasties, the Xingxiu Sea has long been referred to as the source of the Yellow River.
To Yuan Dynasty 人们开始对对黄河河源进行实地考察。 In the seventeenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1280 ) Yuan ancestor Kublai Khan sent Du Gong and others to investigate the source of the Huanghe River. In 1315, Pan Angxiaogen's investigation of the capital was written into the "Records of the Source of the River", and Ming Gong pointed out that the source of the river was more than 100 miles southwest of the Xingsu Sea, and there were "water gushing out like a well, and its well is more than 100".
In the forty-third year (1704 of the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty ) the Kangxi Emperor ordered Lai Wei and Shu Lan to explore the source of the Huang River. He went to the sea of stars, and there were three rivers at the source of the sea of stars, but he did not chase them to the source. La Wei and Shu Lan have "River Source Mapping", and Shu Lan has "River Source Message". In the 56th year (1717 year of the Kangxi Emperor ) he sent his lamas Chu Er Qin Zangbu, Lan Mu Champa and the head of the Li Domain, to the river source area, this trip "over the source of the river, wading into the li", after returning to Beijing, the amount of the fruit into the "Emperor's Palace". This time, the source of the river above the Xingsu Sea was also surveyed and fabricated.
In the 47th year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, ( in 1782, Emperor Qianlong ordered the gate guard A Mi Da to "solemnly worship the source of the river." A Mi Da traveled 300 miles west of the Xingxiu Sea, conducting on-site investigations of three rivers flowing into the Xingxiu Sea, determining that the Alestankuo River ), located southwest of the Xingxiu Sea, is the source of the Yellow River, now known as Ka Ri Qu (.
River
In the late 19th century to the early 20th century, Western explorers and geographers ventured deep into the Tibetan Plateau for research activities. They also reached the source region of the river to collect natural and cultural data, such as the Indian Ake, the French Dou Tole, Aolun, the Russian Przhevalsky, Shina, Kozlov, and the German Feishler, Tai Peier, and others. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, multiple investigations were carried out on the source of the Yellow River.
In 1952, organized by the Yellow River Conservancy Commission and led by Xiang Lizhi and Dong Zaihua, a survey of the Yellow River's source was conducted over several months. The survey team identified the source of the Yellow River as the Yugu Zongliequ, with the Yahaladahezeshan as its origin, Erlin Lake above and Zhaling Lake below. This result did not align with previous investigations and sparked controversy in the academic community, but the claim that the Yellow River originates from Yugu Zongliequ became widely accepted.
In 1978, Qinghai Province invited the central and local governments to investigate the source of the Huanxi River and the Zhaling and Eling Lakes. From 1981 to 1982, he visited the entire river on foot. The most meandering source of the river is the Lalang Love Song, which begins on the ridge of the Kala Mountains in Bajiao, which is 30.5 kilometers from the ancient Zongli Qu and 11.9 kilometers from the Kari Song. In 1985, the Huanghe Water Conservancy Committee (鑘会Gen) and the opinions of various families, and the Zhengyuan of the Huanghe River was established in the southwest corner of the Langgu Zongli Basin.
The three tributaries of the source of the sea are Zhaqu, Lingu Zongliequ and Kari Qu. Zaqu is located in the northernmost part, the source of the Chahasila Mountain, the river is 70 kilometers, the river channel is narrow, there are few tributaries, the amount of water is limited, and most of the year is flooded. It is located in the southwest corner of the Ancient Liezong Basin, at an altitude of 4750 meters, with a very small amount of water, a stream of 1.0-1.5 meters and a depth of 0.1-0.2 meters. The southern tributary, Pika Riqu, originates in the northern foothills of the Baya Mountains, 4800 meters above sea level, with 5 springs gushing out of the valley, 3 meters deep, 0.3-0.5 meters deep, and a small river with a flow speed of 3 meters per second. The original river channel was transformed into the original river channel of the Huanghe Yuanyuan, and then poured into the sea of stars. The root is 25 kilometers away from the ancient Liezong Quji. The Kariqu basin has a surface area of 3126 square kilometers, and the area of the ancient Zongliequ basin is 2372 square kilometers. In the vicinity of Kariqu and Guzong Liequ, the flow rate of Jide Kariqu is 6.3 cubic meters per second, and the flow rate of Jide Guzong Liequ is 2.5 cubic meters per second. In 1978, he investigated the source of the Huanghe River.
River
Boundary
There are various definitions for the division of the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the Yellow River. The Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission divides the upper, middle, and lower reaches at He Kou Town and Tao Hua Yu; traditional high school textbooks divide them at He Kou Town and Meng Jin; scholar Yang Liankang, after investigation, believes that it is more appropriate to divide at Qing Tong Gorge and Meng Jin; scholar Xu Shaoli advocates using Jia Ying Guan in Wu Zhi County, Jiaozuo City, Henan Province as the boundary line for the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. This article adopts the division scheme of the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission.
Upstream
The upper reaches of the Pak River above the mouth of the Toktoku River in Inner Mongolia. The total area of the upper river is 3472 km, and the surface of the river basin is 38.6 square kilometers, and the surface of the river basin accounts for 51.3% of the total amount of the river. The drop in the upper reaches of the river is 3496 meters, with an average ratio of 10‰; The tributaries of the river section are more than 1,000 square kilometers ) (43 of the river basin, accounting for 54% of the total river. The annual amount of sand in the upper reaches of the river only accounts for 8% of the annual sand volume of the whole river, and the water is more and less sand, which is the source of clear water of the Huang River. The upper reaches of the river are controlled by the Aniqing Mountain, the Xiyu Mountain, and the Qinghai South Mountain and have an S-shaped curve. The characteristics of the root channel in the upper reaches of the Huanghe River are different, and it can be divided into three parts: the source section of the Pihe River, the valley section and the Yuanji Plain. The source section of the Pi River from Qinghai Kariqu to Qinghai Xiande Gongyang Pass. The source section of the river starts from the Qika Riqu, and passes through the Xingsu Sea, Zhaling Lake, Eling Lake to Xingduo, Ani Qingqing Mountain and Xiqian Mountain, and passes through the Gongyang Pass to Qinghai Xiande. Most of the rivers flow on a plateau of three or four kilometers, and the rivers are tortuous and tortuous, with many lakes, swamps, and grass on the banks. There are Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake in the river section, and the elevation of the lake is above 4260 meters, and the water storage is divided into 47 cubic meters and 108 cubic meters, which is the largest plateau freshwater lake in the valley. Qinghai Xuanduo to Ganxi Ququ Qian, the ancient basins and low hills of the Qianhe Qiba Kaila Mountains and the Ani Xingqing Mountains, most of the river valleys are in the valleys, and there are valleys in the valleys. From the Ganxi River to Qinghai's Xiande Sheep Valley, the river is high in the mountains and valleys, the water is turbulent, and the water power is rich. The Bai River and the Hei River, tributaries of the Minshan Mountains in Sichuan, flow into the Huang River in the Yi section.
Qinghai Gongyang Gorge to Xia Qing Yong Gorge section. Due to the different rock properties, the valley of the valley and the valley of the valley are formed: the valley is formed in the hard gneiss, the flower rock and the Nanshan rock, and the valley is formed in the loose sandy rock and the color rock system. There are 20 valleys in the section, such as Gongyang Pass, Qinshi Pass, Jiajia Pass, Balu Pass, and Qingqi Pass, and the banks of the valley are all steep and steep, the river bed is narrow, the river channel is larger than the drop, and the water flow is rapid. It is one of the concentrated sections of the three tributaries of the Huanghe River, and there are important tributaries such as the Tao River and Huangshui, which greatly increase the amount of water in the Huanghe River. The main stream section along the Gongyang Pass to the Xiaxia River is one of the "Fuqi" bases of the Huanghe River Hydraulic Yuan, and it is also one of the water bases of the Zhongxi heavy 点开发建设.
The section of the Toktoku estuary of Mongolia from Xia Qingqiao to the Inner Mongolia Toktoku estuary. After the Huanghe River exits Qingbei, it flows north along the northwest boundary of the Ordos Plateau, and then goes to the mouth of the river. Most of the desert and desert grassland along the river area are basically fed by tributaries, the main stream of the river bed is flat, the water flow is slow, and there is a large area of the Kuji Plain on the bank, that is, the famous Yuhetao Plain. There are different degrees of flooding and flood damage in the plains along the river. The Hetao Plain starts from the Xiaxia River in the west, from the east to the mouth of the Inner Mongolia River, 900 kilometers, 30~50 kilometers, is a famous irrigation area, irrigation history is long, since ancient times there is a "hundred harms of the river, only a set of wealth" saying.
Midstream
The section of the Yellow River from Hekou Town in Tokto County, Inner Mongolia, to Taohuayu in Zhengzhou, Henan, is classified as the middle reaches of the Yellow River, with a length of 1,206 kilometers and a drainage area of 344,000 square kilometers, accounting for 45.7% of the total drainage area; the total drop in the middle reaches is 890 meters, with an average gradient of 0.74‰; 30 major tributaries flow into this section; the increase in water volume in this interval accounts for 42.5% of the Yellow River's water volume, and the increase in sediment accounts for 92% of the total sediment in the Yellow River, making it the main source of sediment for the Yellow River.
river
The estuary of the river is the most powerful section of the main stream of the Huang River, the valley of the valley - the valley of the river, most of the tributaries of the river section are the main source of coarse sediment in the river, the average annual amount of sand in the whole river for many years is 16 亿吨中有9亿吨来源于此区间; The section of the Yu River is very large, and the water power is rich and rich, and it is the second largest water base of the Huang River; In the lower part of the valley, there is the famous Yuankou Waterfall, with a deep trough of 30-50 meters, and a dry water surface drop of 18 meters. From the mouth of Yumen to the Sanyun Gorge, the river is in the Weiwei Plain, the river valley is unfolding, and the water flow is slow. The river section is an important part of the province. The section of the Yu River is connected to important tributaries such as the Fenhe, Luohe, Panhe, Weihe, Yiluo and Qinhe, and is one of the main sources of sediment in the lower reaches of the Huanghe River, with an average annual sand volume of 5.5 millimeters for many years. The 132.5-kilometer river channel from Yuyunkou to Tongxu ) that is, the Xiaobei main stream ( of the Huanghe River, is 132.5 kilometers long. The section of the river is bound by mountains near Tongxu, and the valley is narrow, forming a natural bayonet of more than 1,000 meters, and the high and low Xiaobei main stream of the Tongxi River bed and the siltation of the lower reaches of the Wei River have a close system, so there is a "Tongxi Gaocheng" 这一hydrological 毯语.
The river section from Sanmenxia to Taohuayu is divided into two parts by Xiaolangdi: above Xiaolangdi, the river flows between Zhongtiaoshan and Xiaoshan, forming the last section of the Yellow River's main stream canyon; below Xiaolangdi, the river valley gradually widens, marking the transition area where the Yellow River enters the plains from the mountainous region.
downstream
The section of the Yellow River below Taohuayu in Zhengzhou, Henan is the lower reaches of the Yellow River, with a length of 786 kilometers and a drainage area of only 23,000 square kilometers, accounting for 3% of the total drainage area; the total drop in the lower reaches is 93.6 meters, with an average gradient of 0.12‰; the increase in water volume in this section accounts for 3.5% of the Yellow River's water volume. Due to the large amount of sediment in the Yellow River, the lower reaches have long been silted up, forming the world-famous "above-ground river." The Yellow River is confined within the dikes, becoming the watershed between the Haihe River basin and the Huaihe River basin. Except for the Dawen River flowing into Dongping Lake, there are no significant tributaries entering this section.
Image
In the downstream river section, except for the low hills between Dongping Lake on the southern bank and Jinan, the rest relies entirely on levees to block the water, with a total length of over 1,400 kilometers. Historically, the downstream river section has experienced frequent breaches and floods, bringing heavy disasters to the Chinese nation. Due to the southwest to northeast flow of the Yellow River downstream, the northern river sections freeze first in winter, leading to ice floods. Ice floods are prone to causing ice jams, resulting in levee breaches, which can be very severe.
The downstream river section below Lijin is the Yellow River estuary section. The Yellow River's estuary continuously extends and shifts due to sediment accumulation. The estuary of the Yellow River is located at the junction of Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay, shaped by sediment accumulation after the artificial diversion in 1976. The average sediment transported to the estuary area by the Yellow River is about 1 billion tons per year, creating an average of 25 to 30 square kilometers of new land annually.
Major tributaries and lakes
The main tributaries of the Yellow River include the White River, Black River, Huangshui, Zuli River, Qingshui River, Daheihe, Kuye River, Wuding River, Fen River, Wei River, Luo River, Qin River, Yi River, and Da Wen River.
The main lakes in the Yellow River Basin include Zhaling Lake, Eling Lake, Wuliangsuhai, and Dongping Lake.
Mainstream Canyon
There are a total of 30 gorges on the mainstream of the Yellow River, with 28 located in the upper reaches and 2 in the middle reaches. The lower reaches flow through the North China Plain, with no gorges present. The total length of the gorge sections of the mainstream is 1,707 kilometers, accounting for 31.2% of the total length of the mainstream.
River
Mangga Gorge - Duoshi Gorge - Maidotang Gongma Gorge - Guancang Gorge - Lajia Gorge - Yehuxia Gorge - Lagan Gorge - Longyang Gorge - Ashigong Gorge - Songba Gorge - Lijia Gorge - Gongbo Gorge - Jishi Gorge - Sigou Gorge - Liuji Gorge - Niubizi Gorge - Zhula Gorge - Yanguo Gorge - Bapan Gorge - Chai Family Gorge - Sangyuan Gorge - Grand Gorge ) Lower Gorge ( - Wujin Gorge - Hongshan South Gorge - Hongshan North Gorge - Heishan Gorge - Huxia Gorge - Qingtong Gorge - Jinshan Valley - Jin Yu Valley ) includes Sanmen Gorge - Renjiadui - Balihutong - Xiaolangdi (
Dry Flow Profit Hub
Sanmenxia Water Conservancy Hub: Located at the junction of Sanmenxia City in Henan and Pinglu in Shanxi, it was put into operation in 1960.
San Sheng Public Hydraulic Hub: Dengkou, Inner Mongolia, put into use in 1966.
Qingtongxia Hydraulic Hub: Qingtongxia City, Ningxia, put into use in 1968.
Liujiaxia Hydropower Station: Yongjing County, Gansu, put into operation in 1974.
Salt Pan Gorge Hydraulic Hub: Yongjing, Gansu, put into operation in 1975.
Tianqiao Water Control Hub: Located at the border of Baode, Shanxi and Fugu, Shaanxi, it was put into operation in 1977.
Bapanxia Water Conservancy Hub: Lanzhou, Gansu, put into operation in 1980.
Longyangxia Hydropower Station: Qinghai Gonghe, put into operation in 1992.
Danxia Water Conservancy Hub: Lanzhou, Gansu, put into operation in 1998.
Li Xia Water Conservancy Hub: Qinghai Hualong, put into operation in 1999.
Wanjiazhuang Water Conservancy Hub: Located at the border of Pian Guan, Shanxi and Zhuangeer Banner, Inner Mongolia, it was put into operation in 1999.
Xiaolangdi Water Conservancy Project: Located at the junction of Jiyuan and Mengjin in Henan, it was put into operation in 2001.
Also refer to: Yellow River Flood Control Dike, Yellow River Flood Prevention, Yellow River Ice Prevention, Bian Canal, Hong Canal, Grand Canal, Maojin Ferry, South-to-North Water Diversion Project, Hetao Irrigation Area.
Bridge
Lanzhou Yellow River Iron Bridge: Located in the north of Lanzhou City, Gansu Province. Construction began in the 33rd year of the Qing Guangxu period ), which corresponds to the year 1907 (, and was completed in the 1st year of the Xuantong period ), which corresponds to the year 1909 (.
Luoyang Yellow River Highway Bridge: Located north of Luoyang City, Henan Province. Construction began in 1974, with intermittent building periods, and it was completed and opened to traffic on January 2, 1977.
Luoyang Yellow River Railway Bridge: North of Luoyang City, Henan Province.
Jiaozuo Yellow River Highway Bridge: South of Jiaozuo City, Henan Province.
Zhengzhou Yellow River Railway Bridge Old Bridge: Located north of Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, it is the mother of the Yellow River Railway Bridge and is currently a heritage protection site.
Zhengzhou Yellow River Railway Bridge: A major north-south artery bridge of the Jingguang Railway crossing the river, located north of Zhengzhou City, Henan Province.
Zhengzhou Yellow River Highway Bridge: A bridge that spans the river, located north of Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, on the major north-south artery of the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway.
Zhengzhou Yellow River Expressway Bridge: A major north-south artery of the Jinggang'ao Expressway that spans the river, located north of Zhengzhou City, Henan Province.
Zhengzhou Yellow River Road-Rail Dual-Use Super Bridge: Located north of Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, it is a major artery of the Beijing-Hong Kong High-Speed Railway with a speed of 350 km/h and the bridge that crosses the 107 National Road.
Kaifeng Yellow River Highway Bridge: North of Kaifeng City, Henan Province.
Kaifeng Yellow River Expressway Bridge: Located north of Kaifeng City, Henan Province, connecting to the Daguan Expressway.
Jinan Yellow River Cable-Stayed Bridge: Located on the northern side of Jinan City, Shandong Province. Construction began in December 1978 and was completed by the end of 1981. The steel cables have been replaced several times.
Zhangnan Huanghe Highway: Northern suburbs of Zhennan City, Shandong Province. It was completed in December 1978 and officially put into operation in July 1982.
Jinan Yellow River Floating Bridge: Only used during non-flood periods ) summer floods and ice floods (, located at the Shibei Luokou Ferry, free to use.
Soil erosion
The Yellow River Basin from 3000 to 2000 BC ) during the Yangshao culture period to the Anyang Yin ruins ( had a geographical environment suitable for the growth of vegetation and the development of human production and living activities. The climate environment, which was about 2℃ higher, created excellent conditions for the development of crops and vegetation. During this period, there were many lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin, such as Leixiaze and Dayeze. The "Mencius: Teng Wengong Shang" recorded that the Yellow River Basin was "lush with grass and trees, and abundant with birds and beasts," and the Guanzhong Plain still had "beautiful mountains, forests, rivers, and valleys, and abundant natural resources" during the Warring States period of China ) "Forests in the Historical Period of the Yellow River Middle Reaches," by Shi Nianhai, 1981 (.
战国以后随着铁农具的广泛使用和秦国经济中心向关中迁移,黄河谷与黄土plateau的vegetation开始遭到破坏。 Since the Yu Huang River Basin has always been the center of the Middle Dynasty civilization ) "The Historical Geography of the Middle Dynasty", 蓝勇, ( 2002, coupled with the ancient Zhong Yan heavy and brushed elephants, the vegetation of the Huang River Basin has broken into a large number of elephants. 随着 CE 11th CE 纪气候转cold 的开始,伴随着中国经济中心 of Nan Yi, 随杀 River Valley's 生态破坏开始减少,However, the forest cover has been 经难以恢复到3 CE BC 纪的状况. With the destruction of vegetation, the plateau was swept away by the invasion of the river and swept away a large amount of soil, forming a surface shape of thousands of ravines.
disconnection
Since 1972, the Yellow River has frequently experienced interruptions in flow. There are many reasons for these interruptions, which can be summarized as follows:
Global warming. As global warming intensifies, on one hand, it significantly increases the evaporation from rivers, while on the other hand, the melting of glaciers in the upstream during spring and summer absorbs a large amount of heat, causing the temperature in certain inland areas to be lower than usual. This reduces the temperature difference between the inland and the ocean, leading to a weakening of the monsoon, which lacks the moisture brought in from the sea to the inland. Although global warming has increased the flow of upstream water sources due to glacier melting, it cannot offset the effects of increased evaporation and weakened monsoons. Ultimately, this results in a yearly decrease in water volume in the middle and lower reaches.
Vegetation destruction. The vegetation in the Loess Plateau region has been severely damaged, leading to a gradual desertification of the land that lacks vegetation conservation. The evaporation rate has increased, and the land has become dry, requiring continuous absorption of water flowing through the river channels to replenish the groundwater.
Irrigation methods are outdated. The middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River mainly pass through economically underdeveloped areas with a large population of elderly and children, lacking the technology and funds for water-saving irrigation, predominantly relying on large-scale flooding irrigation, leading to serious waste of Yellow River water.
River Channel Changes
According to historical records, in the three to four thousand years before 1946, the Yellow River faced nearly 1593 flooding threats, which caused the river course to change significantly a total of 26 times.
River
The most recent major diversion of the Yellow River occurred in 1855 during the 5th year of the Qing Dynasty under Emperor Xianfeng, ). Before that diversion, the downstream course of the Yellow River roughly flowed through the following areas based on the current administrative divisions of China: Xinyang, Zhengzhou, Yuanyang, Yanjin, Fengqiu, Zhongmou, Kaifeng, Lankao, Puyang in Henan, then through Caoxian, Shanxian in Shandong, and finally through Dangshan, Xiaoxian in Anhui, before entering Fengxian, Peixian, Xuzhou, Pizhou, Suining, Suqian, Siyang, Huai'an, Lianshui, Funing, Binhai, and then into the Yellow Sea. However, after the diversion, at the Tongwaxiang gap, the Yellow River broke through its original riverbed and changed its course to the northeast, entering the Bohai Sea through the Daqing River in Shandong.
The Cradle of Chinese Civilization
The Yellow River is known as the mother river of Chinese civilization. Over 2000 years ago, the Huaxia people formed and thrived in the Central Plains region of the Yellow River. It is the birthplace and cradle of five thousand years of historical culture.
From the Xia Shang and Zhou dynasties of Zhongyou Youshi to 来, 中国历史绝大部分时间's politics, 经济, and cultural centers are all in the Central Plains of the Huanghe River Valley. The Xia Dynasty, the first dynasty in history, built its capital in Henan, including Xia ( Yancheng-Dengfeng, Xiayi Yanzhai-Yuchangyuzhou, Zhenxun-Luoyanwei ), Shang ( Xibao, Nanbao, Yindu, Chaoge ), More than 20 dynasties of the Western Zhou Dynasty ( such as Luoyi ), Dongzhou, and Xiwan ( in the early ), Dongwan, Cao Wei, Xixi, Northern Wei, Sui, Tang, Wuzhou, Houliang, Later Tang, Houhan, Houyan, Houzhou, Later Zhou, Northern Song and Jin, settled their capitals in Henan, Central Plains, and lasted for more than 1,000 years. Among the eight ancient capitals of the Middle Dynasty, there are four in Henan, which are divided into the former capital of the five dynasties, Chenzhou, the ancient capital of the Thirteen Dynasties, Luo, and the ancient capital of the Seven Dynasties. Henan, which is located in the Central Plains, is also one of the most important places in the history of the Central Plains, and the land where the soldiers of the Chu Dynasty must be deer, and in the different periods of the history of the Dynasty, a large number of Henan people have avoided the valley of the Terrans and the valley of the Huang River.
Yangtze River
From the main entry: Yangtze River.
The Ng River, the ancient Ng River, is the first Ng River in China and the third in the world, with a main stream of more than 6,300 kilometers, originating in the southwest of the main peak of the Tanggula Mountains on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Geladan Winter Snow Mountain ( 33°28′ in the north, and 91°08′) in the north. The main stream flows into 10 provinces, municipalities and autonomous provinces, including Qinghai, Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Hubei, Xiang, Zhao, Anhui, Cang and Pu, and flows into the Donghai Sea. The whole Gion is 6300 kilometers ( and if it is the source of the Dangqu Yuan, the whole Gyng River is 6403 kilometers ), ranking third in the world. The river basin is 24°30′~35°45′, 90°33′~112°25′, more than 180 square kilometers ( excluding the ) of the Huaihe River Basin, and 1/5 of the land is accounted for. The average annual amount of sea water is 1 thousand cubic meters, ranking third in the world. After the Six Dynasties, there was a great river and a river.
Overview of the Chinese Zodiac and Heavenly Stems
Each section of the main stream of the Ngan River has different names: Yuantou to Dangqukou ( Tibetan Dianhe "Qu") Tuotuo River, Zhengyuan of the Ngan River, 358 kilometers; Dangqukou to the Batang River estuary in Yuli Gorge, Qinghai Province, Yaotong Tianhe River, 813 kilometers; From the mouth of the Batang River to the mouth of the Yisong Min River in Sichuan Province, the Jinsha River, 2308 kilometers; From the mouth of the Yisong Min River to the mouth of the Yongjiang River, it is more than 2,800 kilometers and leads to the Yongjiang River, of which the section of the Sanfeng River from Yiqian to Yichang in Hubei Province has the "Chuanjiang"( the section of the Sanfeng River from Fengqian to Yichang Min has the ) of the "Feng River", the Zhicheng of Hubei Province to the Chengling of Hunan Province, and the Jiaozhou and Aojiang Rivers in Jiangfang Province. 65.6% are plateaus and mountains in the basin; Hills account for 24%; Plains and lowlands accounted for 10.4%.
river
There are 48 tributaries of the Yangtze River with a watershed area exceeding 10,000 square kilometers; those with an area over 50,000 square kilometers include the Yalong River, Min River, and their tributaries such as the Dadu River, Jialing River, Wu River, Yuan River, Xiang River, Han River, and Gan River, totaling 9 rivers. Among them, the Yalong River, Min River, Jialing River, and Han River exceed 100,000 square kilometers, with the Jialing River's watershed area being the largest, approximately 160,000 square kilometers.
Most of China's freshwater lakes are distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with larger lakes including Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake, and Chaohu Lake.
The origin of the Yangtze River
The source of the Ng River is in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Bajie Kara Mountain and Tanggula Mountain, southwest of the main peak of Tanggula Mountain. The glaciers are scattered throughout the river, and the melting water of ice and snow is the source of the river. From the source of the river to the estuary, it can be divided into three major sections. the upper reaches of Sichuan Yisong; Yisong to the middle reaches of Yichang, Hubei; Yichang below the lower stream. The upstream section is 3,500 kilometers, and the Chu River is the northern source of the Chu River; According to the original source of the "River Source Weiwei", its most tributary is the source of the Tuotuo River. From the mouth of the Dangqu River to Qinghai Yuli, a section of the Yantong Tianhe River, 813 kilometers, the river channel is long, and the water flow is smooth. From Yuli to Yicheng Jinsha River, the ancient water flows from north to south, passes through the mountains and mountains, and turns north to the north into the Sichuan Basin near the Shigu in Yunnan, and merges at the Yicheng and Minjiang rivers, covering a total of 2,300 kilometers. Ziyi 宾以下才称长河。 The middle reaches of the river are 1,000 kilometers, because of the flow of the Sichuan Basin, so the Yanchuan River.
Natural and cultural influences
Yu Yi wandered to the heavy grave, and the river was tortuous. From the Baidi Mountain of Fengqian to the section of Yichang Nanjin, the river water runs through the Dafeng Valley in the northern Zhangjing Mountain Valley, Sichuan, and from the west to the valley of Qutangfeng, Wufeng, Xiling, and Sanfeng, with a total of 204 kilometers. The downstream section is 1,850 kilometers, the drop of the river is very small, the flow is slow, the surface of the river is generally more than 2 kilometers, and the narrowest stretch is 650 meters. The river course is very tortuous, especially the section from the Zhijiang River in Hubei to the Chengling River in Hunan, the ancient Yangxing River, known as the "Nine Curves of Hui". Because the flow rate is slow, there is a lot of sediment and silt, and every flood season, it is easy to cause the flood of the embankment, and since ancient times, there has been a saying of "the river is in the river, and the river is in the river". In the history of Pu, the Yongjiang River is also a place where floods are fierce, and archaeological research, the dynasty and demise of ancient civilizations in the southern Yongjiang River Basin, and many violent floods in the history of Pujiang, have led to the extinction and migration of many historical and cultural disasters.
In the section from Yuyichang to Qihu Lake, there are many active lakes, of which Dongting Lake and Poyu Lake are the largest. Dongting Lake is the natural reservoir of the Ngon River. After the river flowed into the river, it was blocked by the mountains and went to the north of the river. From below the Ao River, it turns towards Shunan, and enters the delta area, the ground is flat, the lakes are scattered, the waterways are intertwined, and the water is a scene of water. The estuary of the river is 80 kilometers away, showing a beautiful scenery of the two rivers and the sea. There are many mountains and mountains on the banks of the Guijiang River, and there are many wandering places. Due to the process of the river, the river basin, the land is fertile, the irrigation is convenient, the middle stream has the "Tianfu Zhi", the downstream is more "the beggar of the sea", and the material is rich. The Zhongxian ethnic group was in the Huanghe River Valley, but after the Zhou Wu King was in the Yin Shang, the southern part of the Yonghe River Basin, and the Huanghe River and the Gangjiang River Basin became the center of gravity of the historical culture exhibition. 两shore有许多個胜古迹,是了解中国历史的珍贵资料,还有很多神话传说,是中国文学的宝贵遗产。 Since ancient times, the main tributaries of the Ngan River have been a major water traffic hub in the south of the Middle Valley, the west of the river, and the north and south of the river, and the channel is more than eight kilometers. 万吨级轮船 can open Nanjing, 3,000 吨级 can resist the mouth, 1,000 吨级可 to heavy 庆, 500,000 琨级可通宾.
Yangtze River Middle and Lower Reaches Plain
The middle and lower reaches of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Three Gorges of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Plateau. It is bounded by Huaiyu Hills and Huanghuai Plain in the north, and Jiangnan Hills and Zhejiang Hills in the south. It is formed by the Kui River and its tributaries. The noodles are more than 20 square kilometers. The ground is low and flat, mostly about 50 meters above sea level. The midstream plains include Hubei Jiangfeng Plain, Hunan Dongting Lake Plain ( Heyandonghu Plain ), Jiangxi Poyu Lake Plain; The lower plains include the coastal plains and Chaohu plains of the Ganjiang River in Anhui ( the central Anhui plain ) and the Delta of the Guijiang River in Jiangyuan, Zhejiang and Shanghai. Wait for most of the Beibei band band
